READ: Intro to Ecology and Energy Systems
7. Trophic Levels
Trophic Levels
The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels. The different trophic levels are defined in Table below Examples are also given in the table.
| Trophic Level | Where It Gets Food | Example |
| 1st Trophic Level: Producer | Makes its own food | Plants make food |
| 2nd Trophic Level: Primary Consumer | Consumes producers | Mice eat plant seeds |
| 3rd Trophic Level: Secondary Consumer | Consumes primary consumers | Snakes eat mice |
| 4th Trophic Level: Tertiary Consumer | Consumes secondary consumers | Hawks eat snakes |
Table 11.2 All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels. Generally, there are a maximum of four trophic levels. Many consumers feed at more than one trophic level. Humans, for example, are primary consumers when they eat plants such as vegetables. They are secondary consumers when they eat cows. They are tertiary consumers when they eat salmon.
Trophic Levels and Energy
Energy is passed up a food chain or web from lower to higher trophic levels. However, only about 10 percent of the energy at one level is available to the next level. This is represented by the pyramid in Figure below. What happens to the other 90 percent of energy? It is used for metabolic processes or given off to the environment as heat. This loss of energy explains why there are rarely more than four trophic levels in a food chain or web. Sometimes there may be a fifth trophic level, but usually there’s not enough energy left to support any additional levels.
Ecological Pyramid. This pyramid shows how energy and biomass decrease from lower to higher trophic levels. Assume that producers in this pyramid have 1,000,000 kilocalories of energy. How much energy is available to primary consumers?
Trophic Levels and Biomass
With less energy at higher trophic levels, there are usually fewer organisms as well. Organisms tend to be larger in size at higher trophic levels, but their smaller numbers result in less biomass.Biomass is the total mass of organisms at a trophic level. The decrease in biomass from lower to higher levels is also represented by Figure above.
CK-12 Foundation, Biology. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/